figure of speech
Notes
FIGURE OF SPEECH (अलंकार) – Complete Explanation
What is a Figure of Speech?
English Definition:
A figure of speech is a special way of using words to make language more beautiful, expressive, and effective.
Hindi Meaning:
अलंकार शब्दों का विशेष प्रयोग है, जिससे भाषा सुंदर, प्रभावशाली और रोचक बनती है।
👉 It adds beauty to writing and poetry.
👉 यह कविता और गद्य दोनों को आकर्षक बनाता है।
Main Figures of Speech
1. Simile (उपमा अलंकार)
English Explanation:
A simile compares two different things using “like” or “as”.
Hindi Explanation:
उपमा अलंकार में दो वस्तुओं की तुलना “like” या “as” के माध्यम से की जाती है।
Examples:
- She is as brave as a lion.
- He runs like the wind.
2. Metaphor (रूपक अलंकार)
English Explanation:
A metaphor directly compares two different things without using “like” or “as”.
Hindi Explanation:
रूपक अलंकार में बिना “like” या “as” के सीधी तुलना की जाती है।
Examples:
- Time is money.
- The classroom was a zoo.
3. Personification (मानवीकरण)
English Explanation:
Personification gives human qualities to non-living things.
Hindi Explanation:
मानवीकरण अलंकार में निर्जीव वस्तुओं को मानव गुण दिए जाते हैं।
Examples:
- The sun smiled at us.
- The wind whispered in the trees.
4. Alliteration (अनुप्रास अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Alliteration is the repetition of the same beginning sound in nearby words.
Hindi Explanation:
अनुप्रास अलंकार में एक ही अक्षर या ध्वनि की पुनरावृत्ति होती है।
Examples:
- She sells sea shells.
- Peter picked a peck of pickled peppers.
5. Hyperbole (अतिशयोक्ति)
English Explanation:
Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement used for emphasis.
Hindi Explanation:
अतिशयोक्ति अलंकार में बात को बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर कहा जाता है।
Examples:
- I have told you a thousand times.
- I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
6. Irony (विडंबना)
English Explanation:
Irony is when the opposite of what is expected happens.
Hindi Explanation:
विडंबना में परिणाम अपेक्षा के विपरीत होता है।
Examples:
- A fire station burns down.
- A traffic police officer gets a parking ticket.
Here are some more figures of speech with English and Hindi explanation and two examples each.
7. Onomatopoeia (ध्वनि अनुकरण अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Onomatopoeia is the use of words that imitate natural sounds.
Hindi Explanation:
इस अलंकार में ऐसे शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है जो किसी ध्वनि की नकल करते हैं।
Examples:
- The bees buzzed around the flowers.
- The clock ticked loudly in the room.
8. Oxymoron (विरोधाभास)
English Explanation:
An oxymoron is a combination of two opposite words used together.
Hindi Explanation:
विरोधाभास में दो विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्द साथ प्रयोग होते हैं।
Examples:
- Deafening silence
- Bitter sweet memory
9. Pun (श्लेष अलंकार)
English Explanation:
A pun is a play on words where a word has two meanings.
Hindi Explanation:
श्लेष अलंकार में एक शब्द के दो अर्थों से हास्य या प्रभाव पैदा किया जाता है।
Examples:
- A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired.
- I used to be a banker, but I lost interest.
10. Repetition (पुनरुक्ति अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Repetition is the repeated use of the same word or phrase for emphasis.
Hindi Explanation:
पुनरुक्ति में किसी शब्द या वाक्यांश की बार-बार पुनरावृत्ति की जाती है।
Examples:
- Never, never give up.
- Alone, alone, all, all alone.
11. Apostrophe (सम्बोधन अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Apostrophe is when a speaker addresses a person, idea, or object that is not present.
Hindi Explanation:
सम्बोधन अलंकार में किसी अनुपस्थित व्यक्ति या वस्तु को संबोधित किया जाता है।
Examples:
- O Death, where is thy sting?
- Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are!
12. Antithesis (विरोधालंकार)
English Explanation:
Antithesis places opposite ideas in the same sentence for contrast.
Hindi Explanation:
इस अलंकार में एक ही वाक्य में विपरीत विचारों को रखा जाता है।
Examples:
- Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
- Man proposes, God disposes.
13. Metonymy (लक्षणा अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which one thing is referred to by the name of something closely related to it.
Hindi Explanation:
लक्षणा अलंकार में किसी वस्तु को उसके साथ जुड़े हुए किसी दूसरे शब्द से व्यक्त किया जाता है।
Examples:
- The pen is mightier than the sword.
(Pen = writing, Sword = war) - The crown decided the matter.
(Crown = king or government)
14. Synecdoche (अंश से पूर्ण या पूर्ण से अंश अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Synecdoche is when a part of something is used to represent the whole, or the whole represents a part.
Hindi Explanation:
इस अलंकार में किसी वस्तु के अंश से पूरे को या पूरे से अंश को व्यक्त किया जाता है।
Examples:
- All hands on deck.
(Hands = sailors) - India won the match.
(India = Indian team)
15. Climax (उत्कर्ष अलंकार)
English Explanation:
Climax is a figure of speech in which ideas are arranged in increasing order of importance or intensity.
Hindi Explanation:
उत्कर्ष अलंकार में विचारों या शब्दों को बढ़ते क्रम में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
Examples:
- He whispered, spoke, and finally shouted.
- I came, I saw, I conquered.
Conclusion
English:
Figures of speech improve writing style and make language more powerful and attractive.
Hindi:
अलंकार भाषा की सुंदरता और प्रभाव को बढ़ाते हैं तथा लेखन को आकर्षक बनाते हैं।)
Key Points
- Figures of speech are used to make language: Beautiful Interesting Emotional Imaginative
- अलंकार भाषा को: सुंदर रोचक भावपूर्ण कल्पनाशील बनाने के लिए प्रयोग किए जाते हैं।
- A figure of speech is a special way of using words to make language more beautiful and expressive.
- अलंकार शब्दों का विशेष प्रयोग है जिससे भाषा सुंदर और प्रभावशाली बनती है।
Examples
Here are **10 sentences** for **figure of speech practice**.
(Identify the figure of speech in each sentence.)
1. The stars danced in the sky.
2. He is as strong as an ox.
3. Time is a thief.
4. The buzzing bees filled the garden.
5. I have told you a million times.
6. The cold wind kissed my face.
7. She sells sea shells on the sea shore.
8. Life is a journey.
9. The classroom was a zoo.
10. Sweet sorrow filled her heart.
Here are the answers in the same order:
1. **The stars danced in the sky.** – Personification
2. **He is as strong as an ox.** – Simile
3. **Time is a thief.** – Metaphor
4. **The buzzing bees filled the garden.** – Onomatopoeia
5. **I have told you a million times.** – Hyperbole
6. **The cold wind kissed my face.** – Personification
7. **She sells sea shells on the sea shore.** – Alliteration
8. **Life is a journey.** – Metaphor
9. **The classroom was a zoo.** – Metaphor
10. **Sweet sorrow filled her heart.** – Oxymoron
Practice
(Identify the figure of speech in each sentence.)
- The sun smiled brightly.
- He fought like a tiger.
- The river is a silver ribbon.
- The clock ticked loudly.
- I am so tired I could sleep for a year.
- The leaves danced in the wind.
- Busy bees buzzed by.
- Her smile was sunshine.
- The night was dark and silent.
- He cried a river of tears.
- The wind whispered softly.
- She is as gentle as a dove.
- The world is a stage.
- Crack went the thunder.
- Bitter sweet memories filled his mind.